Environmental factors like humidity and temperature can play an important role in a pest’s activity, as well as its susceptibility to insecticides. Whiteflies are 1/16–1/8 inch long, have four small wings that are white to gray in color, and have a short lifespan. They love hanging out on the undersides of leaves, especially along the veins, so they can suck the juices from the leaf cells. They develop quickly and within a few days there tend to be hundreds of them on each leaf.
Although there are approximately 1,200 species of whiteflies worldwide, only a few species are of economic importance. Most whitefly species have a narrow range of host plants, but the ones that are considered pests may feed on and damage many vegetable and field crops, greenhouse and nursery crops, and house plants.
The name whitefly is derived from the generally white, wax-like substance that coats their bodies, particularly the wings. Some species are dark with colored wing patterns. All developmental stages secrete wax, and in nymphs (immatures), the appearance of accumulated wax filaments and plates is used in species identification.
The main whitefly species that feed on ornamental plants in Texas are the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii [Bellows & Perring]), the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum [Westwood]), and the banded wing whitefly (Trialeurodes abutiloneus [Haldeman]). Other species include the citrus blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby), the citrus whitefly (Dialeurodes citri Ashmead), and the giant whitefly (Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell). It is important to distinguish the different whiteflies because damage potential and susceptibility to control differ by species.
Description and Life Cycle
Whiteflies are small insects (1 to 3 millimeters). Adults have four broad wings of approximately the same size. The adult is the most mobile stage and is responsible for colonizing the host plant. Whiteflies can move and disperse over long distances by flying upward and being picked up and carried by air currents. Eggs are usually laid on the underside of young leaves and may be deposited randomly throughout the leaf, in circles, arcs, or spirals, depending on the species.
The eggs hatch into mobile-first instars called crawlers, which search and find a suitable feeding site. They then insert their mouthparts and remain in one place for the rest of their immature stages.
Second to fourth instars are called nymphs and resemble small-scale insects. Nymphs are oval and may be pale yellow to black, depending on the species. The late fourth instar is also known as “pupa” because mobile adults emerge from the exoskeleton of sessile nymphs after development is complete. Silverleaf whitefly fourth instars are also known as “red-eye nymphs” because the relatively large eyes of the developing adult are already visible through the nymph integument (skin) during this stage.
The complete life cycle varies from about 21/2 to 5 weeks according to temperature conditions and species. Many overlapping generations can occur each year. Adults and nymphs feed by inserting their mouthparts into plant tissue and sucking phloem sap.
Silverleaf Whitefly
The silverleaf whitefly is the most economically important whitefly species in Texas. Adults are 0.8-1.2 millimeters long with white wings (without markings) and pale yellow bodies. The wings are held in a rooflike position (about a 45-degree angle) over their bodies, whereas other whiteflies typically hold the wings nearly flat when at rest. As a result, the silverleaf whitefly appears more slender than other common whiteflies. Eggs are oblong, smooth, and yellow to amber-brown and are laid randomly on the underside of leaves. Nymphs are greenish-yellow, oval, and flat. Late third and fourth instars develop distinctive eye spots and are often referred to as red-eyed nymphs. Silverleaf whitefly pupae are oval, flattened (with tapering sides), and lack the marginal fringe of wax filaments common to other whiteflies. Their hosts include more than 500 species representing 74 plant families.
Greenhouse Whitefly
This is an occasional pest, especially in greenhouses. Adults are about the same size as the silverleaf whitefly (0.9- 1.1 millimeters). The wings are held nearly parallel to the leaf and cover the abdomen when at rest. Eggs are occasionally laid in circular patterns on plants with smooth leaves. Eggs are oblong, and smooth and are initially yellow but darken before hatching. Pupae are oval, slightly raised (with vertical sides), and have a fringe of wax filaments along the perimeter of their upper surface. Relatively large wax filaments project from their bodies; the number and length of these filaments vary with the host plant. Their hosts include more than 200 plant species.
Bandedwinged Whitefly
This is an occasional pest of crops and ornamental plants, especially hibiscus. The adults are slightly larger than silverleaf and greenhouse whiteflies. They can be recognized by two irregularly shaped (in a zig-zag pattern) gray bands on the front pair of wings. Except for these banded front wings, the adults are very similar in size and shape to adult greenhouse whiteflies.
The eggs are oblong and smooth and may be laid irregularly or in neat circles on the leaves, depending on the host plant species. Eggs are pale yellow and turn pink before hatching. Pupae are oval, slightly raised (with vertical sides), and have a fringe of wax filaments along the upper perimeter. Pupae have a dark area on the upper surface of the integument, which distinguishes them from the pupae of greenhouse whiteflies. Important ornamental hosts include poinsettia, geranium, hibiscus, and petunia.
Other Whitefly Species
The citrus blackfly is a sporadic pest of ornamental plants and a potentially serious pest of citrus, especially in South Texas. Both nymphs and adults are easily distinguished from other whitefly species by their dark color. Adult citrus blackflies are 1.3-1.6 millimeters long with slate-blue wings and red abdomens. Females lay eggs in a characteristic spiral pattern. Nymphs and pupae are dark black, with a fringe of white wax filaments along the upper perimeter.
Citrus whiteflies are an occasional pest of citrus in southern Texas but may also attack ornamental plants and trees such as Boston ivy, chinaberry, laurel cherry, crepe myrtle, English ivy, gardenia, green ash, jasmine, osage orange, prickly ash, trumpet vine, water oak, persimmon, and wild olive. Adults are very similar to adult greenhouse whiteflies but have broader wings and feed mainly on shrubs and trees, especially citrus. Nymphs and pupae are similar to those of the silverleaf whitefly but are much rounder in shape.
Giant whitefly adults are about three times larger than other common whiteflies. Wings overlap when at rest and are mottled with grey markings. Common hosts include bamboo, begonia, bird of paradise, citrus, geranium, hibiscus, ivy, jasmine, morning glory, lantana, passion flower, philodendron, and pittosporum. Nymphs and pupae secrete long cylindrical strands of wax extending up to two inches (50 millimeters) from the leaf surface. Accumulation of these wax strands resembles fluffy-white hair. Females deposit eggs and wax in spiral patterns that appear as white concentric circles on the undersides of host plant leaves.
What Is the Cause of Whiteflies?
The cause of whiteflies is not fully understood, but it is commonly believed that whiteflies are a product of their environment. The life cycle of the whitefly is quite complex and can be broken down into four stages: egg, larvae, pupae, and adult.
The eggs are laid on the underside of leaves in clusters, where they will hatch into larvae within seven days. The larvae will then begin to feed on the plant tissue and produce honeydew, a sticky substance that can attract other pests such as ants or bees. The mature larvae will then spin cocoons around themselves before entering a dormant state for several weeks until they emerge as adult whiteflies.
Damage
Whiteflies can damage plants directly or indirectly. Direct damage is caused through their feeding, which removes plant sap and stunts plant growth, especially in young plants. Silverleaf whitefly feeding has been associated with several plant disorders, including silverleaf of squash, stem blanching and whitening of poinsettia and cruciferous vegetables, and irregular ripening of tomatoes. Indirect whitefly damage is caused by the large amounts of sticky honeydew secreted during feeding. Honeydew may cover plants and support the growth of sooty mold, which reduces the plant’s ability to use light for photosynthesis. In addition to direct and indirect damage, whiteflies may carry and transmit viral diseases that can severely damage susceptible plants.
Integrated Pest Management
Integrated pest management (IPM) is a strategy to avoid or prevent pest damage with minimum adverse impact on human health, the environment, and non-target organisms. Successful IPM of whiteflies involves:
- Implementing cultural control practices to limit whitefly colonization.
- Frequent monitoring of populations.
- Accurate species identification and pest diagnosis to select proper control action.
- Using pertinent information to decide when treatment is necessary.
- Using effective pest management tools, including tolerant species or varieties (when available), natural enemies, and insecticides
Cultural Control
Cultural control practices are aimed at avoiding or preventing whitefly infestations, eliminating sources of whiteflies, and keeping whiteflies out of growing areas. To implement cultural control you should:
- Thoroughly inspect new plants before purchase and reject or treat any infested material.
- Make sure the plants are free of whiteflies before putting them with established plants.
- Keep target areas free of weeds that can serve as whitefly hosts.
- When feasible, avoid growing susceptible plants of different ages together in one place or immediately replanting after harvest when pests from a previous crop may still be present.
- Avoid excess irrigation and fertilization, which may increase the susceptibility of plants to whiteflies.
- Avoid planting when whiteflies are expected to migrate from other hosts. Whiteflies migrate from alternate hosts because numbers have become too high or the crop is being harvested (e.g., after cotton defoliation).
- When practical, isolate groups of plants using row covers, screens or plastic sheets.
- Remove and destroy heavily infested plants from the landscape so they will not contaminate other plants.
- Break the whitefly reproductive cycle by having periods of time with no host plants in the greenhouse or garden.
Pest Monitoring and Diagnosis
Whiteflies, like many other pests, reproduce very rapidly. A single female may lay 150-300 eggs during her lifetime. When temperatures are high at the peak of summer, whiteflies may complete development in 16-18 days. In the absence of natural enemies and other natural control factors such as heavy rain, a few individuals can produce thousands in a very short time. Therefore, it is important to monitor plants frequently. Do not wait until the damage is obvious because whitefly control is very difficult to achieve at that point. Inspect the undersides of old and new leaves weekly for all whitefly stages. The more plants you inspect, the more likely you will be to detect problems sooner when management is easier. Record the number of whiteflies per plant or the percentage of plants infested. This information is critical in deciding whether or not treatment is necessary.
Although yellow sticky traps sold at garden stores may be used to detect when and where whitefly adults are occurring, they are not useful in estimating the population density of plants. They should be placed just above the plant canopy and must be checked and replaced every week.
Once you have detected whiteflies on plants, accurate species identification is essential in deciding whether or not further action is required and what treatment to use. Learn the different species of whiteflies that commonly attack the plants you are trying to protect and the natural enemies of whiteflies that may be common in your area. Use a magnifying lens (10X) to facilitate observation.
Silverleaf whiteflies and, occasionally, greenhouse whiteflies may cause serious damage to plants. Managing these species may be very difficult if populations are not detected early. Bandedwinged whiteflies will feed on several weeds and ornamental plants but will reproduce on only a few of them. Management may be necessary only on plants that harbor eggs and nymphs. Giant whitefly adults tend to remain on the plant where they developed. This tendency leads giant whitefly populations to be initially clustered on a few plants, which helps a grower to manage them. Removing and destroying relatively few infested leaves may significantly reduce populations. Citrus blackfly and citrus whitefly are two species that are controlled well by native and introduced natural enemies and generally do not require treatment. Consult your county Extension agent for additional help identifying a species.
Management Considerations
A certain number of whiteflies may be tolerated when they do not cause significant damage. This tolerance level varies according to the host plant and individual preferences. A few adults feeding on plants will usually not cause significant damage and do not warrant treatment. However, if monitoring reveals an increasing number of eggs and nymphs on young leaves and the weather conditions are favorable, intervention may be required to prevent future damage.
Intervention may be physical/mechanical control, biological control, or chemical control. Physical/ mechanical control includes removing heavily infested leaves or plants and using a high-pressure water spray on the underside of leaves. Removing infested leaves from plants may be enough to control small populations on less preferred hosts. Removing a few infested plants early may prevent future problems. High-pressure water sprays will wash away honeydew and sooty mold accumulations and reduce populations of adults and nymphs. High-pressure water sprays are recommended at least once a week for three consecutive weeks and can be repeated as necessary.
Biological Control
Biological control is the manipulation of natural enemies to prevent or suppress damage from pests. Several species of predators and parasitoids are natural enemies of whiteflies. Predators of whiteflies include ladybeetles (Delphastus and Nephaspis), green lacewings (Chrysopa and Chrysoperla), minute pirate bugs (Orius), big-eyed bugs (Geocoris), and damsel bugs (Nabis). Parasitoids (insect parasites) of whiteflies include minute wasps (Encarsia and Eretmocerus) about 1 millimeter long and either yellow, dark brown, or bicolor (brown head and yellow body), depending on the species. Females of these tiny, parasitic wasps lay their eggs inside whitefly nymphs. When the wasp eggs hatch, the larvae feed internally on the whitefly nymphs, eventually killing them.
In addition to predators and parasitoids, whiteflies are naturally attacked by insect pathogens. Spores from the fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana, which causes white-muscardine disease in insects, have been formulated into insecticidal products (see Table 1).
Biological control can be achieved by importing and releasing natural enemies from areas where pests originate, by purchasing and releasing commercially available natural enemies, or by conserving naturally occurring ones. Importing natural enemies—also known as classical biological control involves coordinated efforts of the university, state, and federal scientists and regulators. Classical biological control programs have been conducted against several whitefly species including silverleaf whitefly, citrus whitefly, citrus blackfly, and giant whitefly.
The purchase and release of natural enemies is also known as augmentation biological control. Augmentation biological control has been effective in controlling whiteflies in greenhouse ornamental production. A list of commercial suppliers of natural enemies in North America can be obtained by visiting www. cdpr.ca.gov/docs/ipminov/bensupp.htm.
Delphastus pusillus is the most whitefly-specific predator available. It feeds primarily on whitefly eggs but may also consume nymphs. It is particularly useful in reducing whitefly populations in greenhouses, although it may also be used outside. Recommended release rates are seven to ten per m2 (10 ft.2).
Eretmocerus eremicus is the most effective parasitoid available for the biological control of silverleaf whitefly, while Encarsia formosa is effective for treating the greenhouse whitefly. Parasitoids are effective at suppressing low whitefly population densities and may prevent a pest outbreak but do not control an existing one. Recommended release rates in the greenhouse vary with whitefly population density from three wasps per 2 m2 ( 2 per 15 ft.2) every 1-2 weeks, starting at the first sign of whitefly presence, to three or more weekly introductions of three to nine wasps per m2 (10 ft.2) when whitefly populations are initially established, to weekly releases of one to three wasps per plant for highly susceptible crops like the poinsettia.
The easiest biological control method in a landscape is to conserve naturally occurring predators and parasitoids. Conservation biological control involves the careful selection and use of pesticides only when necessary to prevent pest damage. Judicious use of insecticides not only will preserve natural enemies but will also reduce health and environmental risks.
Chemical Control
Several classes of insecticides are labeled for use against whiteflies on ornamental plants. Table 1 lists some whitefly control products available to commercial ornamental producers, and Table 2 shows products available to homeowners. Insecticidal soaps and horticultural oils are contact insecticides that cause suffocation and desiccation of nymphs and adults. Soaps and oils are among the best alternatives for whitefly control by homeowners because they are effective, preserve natural enemies, and are relatively safe. It is important to thoroughly cover the underside of leaves and repeat applications. Insect growth regulators, when applied during the immature stages, prevent adult whitefly development. These products generally do not kill adult whiteflies present at the time of treatment.
To reduce the impact of insecticides on natural enemies, avoid the frequent use of broad-spectrum insecticides (those labeled against many pests) because these also kill predators and parasitoids. Avoid frequent, long-term use of insecticides with the same mode of action because this may lead to the growth of populations of insects that are resistant to the chemicals. Insects that are resistant to one insecticide may also be resistant to other insecticides (cross-resistance).
Under certain temperatures, humidity, water, and shade conditions, pesticides may also cause injury to certain plants (phytotoxicity). Generally, apply pesticides during the early morning or late afternoon to avoid the hottest part of the day. Water plants 1-2 days before applying pesticide. Always check the product label for the list of plants that may be injured by the pesticide.
Insecticide For Whitefly
Whiteflies are a common pest in the garden and are often difficult to get rid of. They have a white, powdery appearance, which can make it hard to see them on plants. The key to getting rid of white flies is to focus on their lifecycle.
Whiteflies are small insects that lay their eggs on leaves and stems of plants. These eggs hatch into larvae that feed on the leaves of the plant until they turn into pupae—or cocoons—for about two weeks. Once this occurs, adult white flies emerge from their cocoons as winged pests that will continue to lay more eggs on the plant.
To stop this cycle from happening, you must break it by killing both larvae and adults with an insecticide product designed for this purpose. Whiteflies are a common pest of plants and can cause stunting and yellowing of leaves. They feed on plant juices and can spread diseases such as mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus.
One way to control white flies is with the use of insecticides. In this article, we’ll discuss one type of insecticide for white flies: pyrethroid insecticides. Pyrethroid insecticides work by attacking the nervous system of insects—they kill them by targeting their hind legs and antennae. These insecticides are also effective against mites, ticks, and other types of pests. Pyrethroid insecticides can be found in sprays or dust, depending on how they are used. Some pyrethroids are more effective than others at killing white flies; these include permethrin and bifenthrin.
List Of Insecticide For Whitefly
Whiteflies are a common pest in greenhouses. They feed on the sap of plants, which can cause leaves to curl and stunt growth.
Fortunately, there are several insecticides available that you can use to control whitefly populations.
Bonide (BND95349) – Insect Control Systemic Granules, 0.22% Imidacloprid Insecticide (4 lb.)
Price: $19.99
Features :
- READY TO USE – These convenient granules are ready for use and provide effective, long-lasting insect control for up to 8 weeks in your flower beds, roses, and shrubs. Apply it every 8 weeks throughout the growing season for optimal protection.
- PEST CONTROL – Bonide Systemic Granules kill tough houseplant pests like fungi, gnats, mealybugs, whitefly, termite, aphids, and more. Be considerate of animals and bugs like hummingbirds and bees that could be harmed by the use of this product.
- NO SPRAYING – There is no mess associated with this pesticide because it is not a spray. The dry-application granules are easy to use, control, and apply without worrying about destroying clothing or other plants.
- FOR NON-EDIBLE PLANTS – This insect killer treatment is not meant for vegetable or fruit plants. This product is labeled for use on flower beds, roses, shrubs, and the like, but it is not labeled for use on any edibles.
- HOW IT WORKS – After incorporating the granules into the soil and watering them in, the pesticide is absorbed by the roots where it moves through the plants to assist in protection against the listed bugs.
Additional Info :
| Item Dimensions | |
| Height | 1 Inch |
| Width | 1 Inch |
| Length | 1 Inch |
| Weight | 1 Pound |
Pyrus TR Greenhouse Fogger (2oz) – Total Release Pyrethrin Insecticide/Miticide – Controls Mites, Thrips, Aphids, Whiteflies, and Fungus Gnats
Price: $21.10 ($10.55 / Ounce)
Features :
- Proven Performance – Pyrus TR contains the same amount of the same active ingredients (Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide) as the leading brand, providing you with the full protection you need for your valuable greenhouse ornamentals
- Full Coverage – One can of Pyrus TR treats up to 3,000 square feet. Once activated, the aerosol can release an ultra-fine mist that circulates through plant foliage to provide optimal coverage against pests
- Target Pests – Effective against mites, aphids, fungus gnats, whiteflies, and more indoor garden pests that destroy delicate plants
- Where To Use – Pyrus Total Release Fogger can be used on ornamental crops and growing crops in commercial greenhouses
- Application Tips – No spray equipment is required. Clear out a 3-foot diameter area to prep for application. Make sure all vents and doors to the area being treated are closed. Not for use in and around residential areas.
- Not available for sale in Alaska or Arizona
Additional Info :
Mammoth CANNCONTROL Concentrated Insecticide Spray for Plants, Natural Fungicide Miticide Insecticide Spider Mites Spray for Indoor Outdoor Plants ELIMINATES Powdery Mildew Whiteflies Thrips (500 mL)
Price : $30.20
Features :
- 3X More Powerful – Eliminate mites, PM, thrips, fungus gnats, aphids, and white flies.
- Highly Effective – Integrate Mammoth CANNCONTROL into your IPM program to protect your growth.
- How it Works – Controls fungus, insect, and mite infestations with natural thyme oil compounds.
- Safe for All Mediums – Great for soil, coco, rockwool, hydroponics, and more even foliar.
- Quality Guaranteed – All Mammoth products are guaranteed 2 years from the printed manufactured date
Additional Info :
Eschaton TR Greenhouse Fogger (2oz Can) – Total Release Etoxazole Insecticide/Miticide – Kills Mites and Suppresses Whiteflies (1 Pack)
Price : $20.70
Features :
- Proven Performance – Eschaton TR contains the same amount of the same active ingredient (Etoxazole) as the leading brand, providing you with the full protection you need for your valuable greenhouse plants
- Full Coverage – One can of Eschaton TR treats up to 3,000 square feet. Once activated, the aerosol can release an ultra-fine mist that circulates through plant foliage to provide optimal coverage against pests
- Target Pests – Protects delicate ornamentals from the harmful effects of Two-spotted Spider Mites and Whiteflies.
- Where To Use – Eschaton Total Release Fogger can be used on bedding plants, potted plants, cut flowers, and other ornamental crops in commercial greenhouses
- Application Tips – No spray equipment is required. Clear out a 3-foot diameter area to prep for application. Make sure all vents and doors to the area being treated are closed. Not for use in and around residential areas.
- Not available for sale in Alaska or Hawaii
Additional Info :
BioAdvanced 701810A Systemic Plant Fertilizer and Insecticide with Imidacloprid 12 Month Tree & Shrub Protect & Feed, 32 oz, Concentrate
Price: $21.97
Features :
- 12-MONTH PROTECTION: With just one application, kills listed insects and prevents new infestations for up to a year
- INSECT & PEST KILLER: Kills Japanese Beetles, Emerald Ash Borers, Adelgids, Leafminers, Aphids, Caterpillars, and more
- SLOW-RELEASE FERTILIZER: Plant food and fertilizer to improve the health of your trees and shrubs
- SYSTEMIC PROTECTION: Protects your potted and outdoor trees and shrubs from the roots to the stem of every leaf
- RESTRICTIONS: Product intended only for non-bearing fruit and nut trees. Non-bearing fruits and nuts are plants that do not bear edible fruits and nuts for at least 12 months after the application of pesticides. Not for sale in NY, CT, MD & VT.
Additional Info :
| Color | Concentrate |
| Item Dimensions | |
| Height | 10.3 Inches |
| Width | 2.7 Inches |
| Length | 4.7 Inches |
| Weight | 2.3 Pounds |
In Conclusion,
Whiteflies can be a nuisance to gardeners, but it doesn’t have to be. The best way to deal with whitefly is to plant flowers that they don’t like, such as ferns and other plants that are native to your region. You can also use an insecticide spray on the plants, but make sure you read the label first so you don’t kill off any good bugs that might be living in your garden. If you’re dealing with an infestation of whitefly, try planting a few marigolds in your garden, they’re known to repel these pests.
If all else fails, try using insecticidal soap or horticultural oil on your plants. These products are safe for humans and pets but will kill off any insects that come in contact with them.